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THE SCIENCE NOTES
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Category: Immunology

Educational infographic showing the cell cycle phases and the mechanism of CFSE staining for T-cell proliferation analysis via flow cytometry.
Posted on March 20, 2026 Immunology Protocols and Techniques

Cell Cycle and CFSE-Based T Cell Proliferation Assay

Learn the cell cycle and CFSE T cell proliferation assay with this step-by-step student guide. Understand phases, flow cytometry analysis, and lab applications. Read more

Infographic showing the mechanism of action of Teclistamab where the bispecific antibody binds BCMA on myeloma cells and CD3 on T cells to activate cytotoxic T-cell signaling and tumor cell killing.
Posted on March 12, 2026March 24, 2026 Cancer Immunology

Teclistamab in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanism, Structure and Clinical Trial Results

Teclistamab is a BCMA × CD3 bispecific antibody that redirects T cells to kill multiple myeloma cells in relapsed patients. Read more

Infographic showing BCMA-targeted therapies for multiple myeloma including bispecific antibody teclistamab, CAR-T cell therapy, and antibody-drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin.
Posted on March 12, 2026March 24, 2026 Cancer Immunology

BCMA-Targeted Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Teclistamab vs CAR-T vs Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Compare BCMA therapies in multiple myeloma including Teclistamab, CAR-T therapy, and antibody-drug conjugates with mechanisms and clinical outcomes. Read more

BCMA signaling pathway cartoon diagram showing NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK pathways activated by BCMA in multiple myeloma cells
Posted on March 12, 2026March 24, 2026 Cancer Immunology

BCMA Signaling Pathway in Multiple Myeloma: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Targeting

BCMA signaling drives plasma cell survival in multiple myeloma through BAFF/APRIL activation of NF-κB, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK pathways. Read more

A scientific table comparing five bispecific antibodies. The top rows show structural designs: a BiTE (Blinatumomab) and four IgG-like structures (Mosunetuzumab, Epcoritamab, Glofitamab, and Odronextamab). The bottom panel illustrates "Mechanism & Pharmacokinetics," showing tissue penetration, T-cell engagement levels, and PK curves for each molecule.
Posted on March 12, 2026March 24, 2026 Cancer Immunology

Bispecific Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Types & Applications

Explore the structural design, mechanism of action, and clinical applications of bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy for targeted tumor killing. Read more

Infographic showing monocyte differentiation into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages via GM-CSF and LPS/IFN-gamma, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages via M-CSF and IL-4, including 6-well plate culture steps and morphology differences.
Posted on February 21, 2026 Immunology

Monocyte Differentiation: Protocol for M1 and M2 Macrophage Polarization

In the sophisticated landscape of immunology, macrophages represent the frontline of innate immunity and the architects of tissue homeostasis. These cells are defined by their... Read more

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Posted on July 19, 2025July 19, 2025 Cancer Immunology

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Treatment: A Scientific Overview

Effective treatments for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), including chemotherapy, CAR T-cell therapy, and stem cell transplant. Read more

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Posted on July 15, 2025July 15, 2025 Cell and Molecular Biology Immunology

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): A Research-Oriented Overview 

A brief look at Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)—its causes, symptoms, and the latest research-driven treatments shaping patient outcomes. Read more

CAR-T Vector Plasmid Structure — www.sciencenotes.com
Posted on June 27, 2025June 27, 2025 Cancer Immunology

Structural Components of a CAR-T Vector Plasmid: A Comprehensive Overview

A CAR-T vector plasmid encodes the engineered receptor that enables T cells to target cancer. It includes key elements for antigen recognition, cell signaling, and controlled gene expression. Read more

B cell development
Posted on June 18, 2025June 18, 2025 Immunology

B Cell Development and Maturation: Building the Body’s Antibody Arsenal

Explore how B cells develop from bone marrow progenitors into key players of the immune system. This blog covers early gene rearrangement, critical signaling pathways, and the stages of peripheral maturation in both mice and humans. Read more

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