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Category: Protocols and Techniques

The diagram shows three sequential test tubes illustrating the qualitative analysis of proteins containing aromatic amino acids. Step 1 shows a test tube labeled "NITRATION" where concentrated nitric acid ($HNO_3$) is added to a protein sample, beginning to form a light yellow color representing nitrated aromatic amino acids. Step 2 shows the test tube being gently heated over a small burner flame, producing a distinct yellow substance labeled "Xanthoproteic Acid" to ensure reaction completion. Step 3 shows sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$) alkali being added via a dropper, resulting in a dark yellow-orange positive result due to the intensification into an orange salt.
Posted on June 3, 2026 Biochemistry Protocols and Techniques

Xanthoproteic Test: Qualitative Protein Analysis Using Nitric Acid

Learn how the xanthoproteic test uses nitric acid to detect aromatic amino acids in proteins, including principle, procedure, results, uses, and limitations. Read more

Vitrification process diagram for Cryo-EM structural biology
Posted on April 13, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM): Principle, Techniques, and Steps

A complete guide to Cryo-EM for structural biology. Learn the principles of vitrification, SPA vs. Cryo-ET techniques, 3D reconstruction steps, and applications. Read more

Creating stable cell lines
Posted on April 1, 2026April 3, 2026 Cell and Molecular Biology Protocols and Techniques

Creating Stable Cell Lines: Step-by-Step Protocol, Applications, and FAQs

Learn the precise protocol for creating stable cell lines, explore diverse applications, and find answers to common FAQs. Read more

Posted on April 1, 2026April 3, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Luciferase Reporter Assay Protocol: Cell Harvesting & Lysis Guide

Step-by-step laboratory protocol for Luciferase assays. Learn efficient cell harvesting, lysis using CCLR buffer, and bioluminescence measurement in opaque plates. Read more

Posted on April 1, 2026April 3, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Cryopreservation: Best Practices for Long-Term Viability of Cell

Cryopreservation is a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, ensuring that precious cell lines remain genetically stable and viable for years. However, the process is far more... Read more

Posted on March 30, 2026April 3, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Adherent Cell Passaging Protocol: A Step-by-Step Guide

Master the essential laboratory technique of cell passaging. This guide covers hood sterilization, PBS washing, trypsinization, and seeding for healthy cultures. Read more

Infographic showing the complete plasmid purification process including bacterial culture growth, lysis, neutralization, DNA binding, washing, and elution, with quality control checks and applications.
Posted on March 20, 2026 Cell and Molecular Biology Protocols and Techniques

Plasmid Purification: A Step-by-Step Guide

Learn the plasmid purification protocol, including bacterial culture growth, lysis, column purification, and DNA verification. Read more

Educational infographic showing the cell cycle phases and the mechanism of CFSE staining for T-cell proliferation analysis via flow cytometry.
Posted on March 20, 2026 Immunology Protocols and Techniques

Cell Cycle and CFSE-Based T Cell Proliferation Assay

Learn the cell cycle and CFSE T cell proliferation assay with this step-by-step student guide. Understand phases, flow cytometry analysis, and lab applications. Read more

Infographic of laboratory hoods showing fume hoods, laminar flow benches, and biosafety cabinets with airflow and key components
Posted on March 18, 2026March 18, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Laboratory Hoods: Types, Function, and Safe Usage Guide

Learn about laboratory hoods, including fume hoods, laminar flow benches, and biosafety cabinets. Discover their components, laminar airflow principles, safety protocols, and applications for sterile and hazardous experiment. Read more

Infographic showing Bunsen burner components, flame types, safe operating steps, and laboratory applications
Posted on March 18, 2026March 18, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Bunsen Burner Guide: Safe Operation, Flame Control, and Laboratory Applications

Learn how to safely use a Bunsen burner, control flame intensity and temperature, sterilize tools, and maintain a sterile lab environment. Complete guide with applications and tips. Read more

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