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THE SCIENCE NOTES
  • Diseases Guide
  • Cell and Molecular Biology
  • Anatomy and Physiology
  • Immunology
  • Protocols and Techniques
  • Food Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Biochemistry
  • Bacteriology
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Category: Protocols and Techniques

Infographic illustrating solution preparation, dilution methods, volumetric labware, reading the meniscus, and practical lab applications.
Posted on March 18, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Solution Preparation, Concentration, and Volume Measurement in Laboratory

Learn accurate solution preparation, concentration calculation, volume measurement, and dilution techniques for lab experiments. Read more

Illustration of microplate reader analyzing samples in a 96-well plate
Posted on March 18, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Microplate Reader: Principles, Procedure, Data Analysis, and Applications

Learn how a microplate reader works, including absorbance, fluorescence, luminescence assay, standard curve, control, and step-by-step guide. Read more

Illustration showing centrifuge separating pellet and supernatant layers
Posted on March 18, 2026March 18, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Centrifugation: Principles, Types, Procedure, and Applications

A complete guide to centrifugation principles, RPM vs RCF, detailed procedures, types of centrifuges, safety, and laboratory applications. Read more

UV-Vis Spectroscopy Illustration Principles, Instrumentation & Applications
Posted on January 14, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

UV–Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications

A guide to UV-Vis spectroscopy explaining principles, instrumentation, absorbance, concentration analysis, reaction kinetics, and applications. Read more

Posted on January 14, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Laboratory Glasswares: Types, Materials, Uses, and Best Practices

A guide to laboratory glassware covering materials, accuracy, connections, cleaning, and common chemistry lab uses. Read more

Illustration explaining Sanger sequencing showing Frederick Sanger, a DNA double helix, fluorescent nucleotides, capillary electrophoresis, and an electropherogram used for DNA sequencing analysis.
Posted on January 14, 2026January 14, 2026 Biotechnology Protocols and Techniques

Sanger Sequencing: Principles, History, Challenges, and Applications

Sanger sequencing explained for students, covering principles, workflow, challenges, and modern applications in DNA sequencing. Read more

diagram of calibration curves showing standards, linear fit, and LOD/LOQ
Posted on January 11, 2026 Biochemistry Protocols and Techniques

Calibration Curves in Analytical Chemistry: Principles, Procedure, and Applications

Calibration curves are essential tools in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmaceutical analysis. They help understand the instrumental response to an analyte and predict the concentration... Read more

Hand-drawn diagram showing step-by-step agarose gel electrophoresis including gel preparation, DNA loading, electrophoresis, and UV visualization.
Posted on January 11, 2026 Cell and Molecular Biology Protocols and Techniques

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Principle, Procedure, and Applications

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a fundamental laboratory technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA fragments based on size. It is widely applied in genetic... Read more

Light Microscope
Posted on January 11, 2026January 11, 2026 Protocols and Techniques

Light Microscopy : Principles, Components, and Applications

Light microscopy is one of the most fundamental and widely used techniques in biological and biomedical research. From observing cells and tissues to assisting in... Read more

DNA Extraction and Electrophoresis
Posted on November 22, 2024November 22, 2024 Protocols and Techniques

DNA EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF UNKNOWN DNA FRAGMENT BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

This experiment aimed to extract DNA from cheek cells and determine the length of an unknown DNA fragment using gel electrophoresis. The DNA was extracted... Read more

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